Plant nutrition
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Plant nutrition is fundamental to food production, environmental sustainability and human well-being. Nutrition management requires a balance between production efficiency, environmental protection, and resource utilization.
Plant nutrition refers to the various substances required for plant growth and development. There are approximately 20 essential nutrients to support the biochemical needs of plants. The essential nutrients can be divided in macronutrients and micronutrients. The macronutrients include Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, and Sulfur. The micronutrients include Iron, Manganese, Boron, Molybdenum, Copper, Zinc, etc.
The most well-known Macronutrient elements are Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium. Nitrogen is an important raw material for protein and nucleic acid synthesis, Phosphorus is a component of ATP molecules, and Potassium can regulate plant water balance. In addition to macronutrients, the micronutrients, or trace elements, are present in small quantities but also make important contribution. For example, Boron is involved in carbohydrate transport in plants and assists in metabolic regulation. Nutrient deficiency or nutrient excess can adversely affect plants. For instance, Nitrogen deficiency can cause yellowing of leaves and slow growth, while excess Phosphorus can inhibit plant growth and development.
Calcium plays structural and metabolic roles in plant cells in order to regulate nutrient transport and support many enzyme functions. Structural Calcium can build cell walls that enhance plant mechanical strength and disease resistance. Metabolic Calcium participates in physiological processes of plants, such as cell division, signal transduction, enzyme activity, etc. Symptoms of Calcium deficiency including spreading brown spots, dark veins, dying root tops and inhibited plant growth.
Zinc participates in photosynthesis, reproduction, among other roles. Zinc can improve the photosynthetic efficiency and growth rate of crops, promote flower bud differentiation and fruit development, and improve plant resistance to pests and diseases. Zinc deficiency can lead to stunted growth, reduced flowers, and shriveled fruits.
Supplementing plant nutrition through soil fertilization, foliar spraying and hydroponics ensure plant health and fruit quality. Wise nutrition management can increase crop yield, reduce production costs and environmental pollution. Choosing the right nutrient elements is the key factor to ensure the growth and development of plants. Farmers need to use different types of fertilizers according to the types and growth stages of plants.